DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3H (APOBEC3H) is a ~23 kDa protein. DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The A3H-var/haplotype 2 exhibits antiviral activity against vif-deficient HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. 1. OhAinle, M. et al. (2006) Journal of virology 80, 3853-62. PMID: 165718022. Dang, Y. et al. (2006) Journal of virology 80, 10522-33. PMID: 169208263. OhAinle, M. et al. (2008) Cell host & microbe 4, 249-59. PMID: 187790514. Tan, L. et al. (2009) FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 23, 279-87. PMID: 188270275. Stenglein, MD. et al. (2010) Nature structural & molecular biology 17, 222-9. PMID: 200620556. Phalora, PK. et al. (2012) Journal of virology 86, 11712-24. PMID: 229157997. Shaban, NM. et al. (2018) Molecular cell 69, 75-86.e9. PMID: 292906138. Dang, Y. et al. (2008) The Journal of biological chemistry 283, 11606-14. PMID: 182993309. Hultquist, JF. et al. (2011) Journal of virology 85, 11220-34. PMID: 2183578710. Chaipan, C. et al. (2013) Journal of virology 87, 444-53. PMID: 23097438 | 
